Avodah Zarah 014

of the Rabbinical Assembly in Israel
and the Masorti Movement
RABIN MISHNAH STUDY GROUP
TRACTATE AVODAH ZARAH, CHAPTER ONE, MISHNAH FIVE:
The following are items which it is forbidden to sell to non-Jews: pine cones, white figs together with their stems, frankincense and a white cock. Rabbi Yehudah says that is it permitted to sell to a non-Jew a white cock together with other fowl; but if it is [to be sold] by itself [the vendor] should clip its claw and [thus] sell it, because they do not sacrifice defective [birds] to an idol. All other things, if not specified [by the buyer that they are intended for idolatrous purposes] are permitted [to be sold to a non-Jew] but if specified [that they will be used for idolatrous purposes] they are forbidden [to be sold]. Rabbi Me'ir says that it is also forbidden to sell to a non-Jew best-quality dates, cane sugar and Nicolaus dates.
EXPLANATIONS:
1:
We have learned (in Mishnah 1) that is is forbidden to trade with non-Jews on the day of their festival and on the three preceding days. Our present mishnah is concerned with trade at any time and not just prior to a pagan festival.
2:
Our mishnah consists of four clauses. The reisha [first clause] is a list of four items which a Jew should never sell to a pagan. The middle clause [emtz'ita] consists of a suggestion from Rabbi Yehudah bar-Ilai how one might circumvent one of those prohibitions. There now follows another clause which lays down a rule for general guidance. The seifa [last clause] is an addition of three items to the list in the first clause; the addition is proposed by Rabbi Me'ir.
3:
Logic tells us that the articles mentioned in our mishnah must have something to do with pagan religious practices. The Gemara on our present mishnah tries to identify the items mentioned and to ascribe to some of them a purpose; but not with conspicuous success. Luckily, we have external material available to us. I shall illustrate with regards to a few of the items.
4:
We might well ask what possible religious significance could there be to an innocent pine-cone? The fruit of evergreen trees in general and the pine and fir trees in particular held great religious significance for many pagan sects in that, being evergreen, they never die, and thus represent life continuing even in the face of death. In his book "Religion in Roman Britain" Martin Henig writes:
Pine-cones frequently encountered on grave stones may also refer to Atys who died under a pine-tree, although we may note that the Bacchic thyrsus was itself tipped with a pine-cone… On a Risingham tombstone the pine-cone is associated with a crescent; at Carlisle Aurelia Aureliana is flanked by cones while Vitalis … buried at Halton Chesters illustrates his faith in continuing life by also having a cone carved on his grave.
Wikipedia tells us that
in Greek mythology, a thyrsos was a staff of giant fennel covered with ivy vines and leaves, sometimes wound with taeniae [fillets, ribbons] and always topped with a pine cone. Where these emblems were, there was the spirit of Dionysus also. Euripides wrote that honey dripped from the thyrsos staves that the Bacchic maenads carried. It was a sacred instrument at religious rituals and fetes.
Elsewhere I have found written as follows:
Pagans revere the evergreen because it symbolizes eternal life to them. They further revere the "fruit" of the evergreen, the pine cone.
5:
We are told by several ancient authors that "the Pythagoreans worshipped a white cock." I think we may safely assume that other pagan sects also had cultic uses for a white cock.
6:
And what about "white figs together with their stems"? What is the significance of white figs (as opposed to other kinds of figs) and why the emphasis on their still being attached to their stem or beanch?
In his book "Taboo, Magic, Spirits: A Study of Primitive Elements in Roman Religion" Eli Edward Burriss writes:
One of the most revered spots in the city of Rome in ancient days was the cave at the base of the Palatine Hill called the Lupercal, with the sacred fig tree hard by, under whose shadow, as the story went, a she-wolf suckled Remus and Romulus… They feasted and drank under fig-tree boughs in the Plain of Mars and, along with their mistresses, cut sprays from the sacred fig tree and sacrificed them and their milky juice to Juno of the Goat. Now the fig is purgative, and such purgatives were ceremonially used by the ancients as cathartics to expel evil influences and hence to induce good. The resemblance of the sap of the fig to milk and the fact that the sacrifice, in historical times, was made to the especial goddess of mothers, make the object of the rite fairly sure. The male fig communicates its richness to the divinity who, in turn, communicates it to the women. Moreover, we have the curious statement recorded in Varro about this festival: "They use the switch [twig] from the (male) wild fig-tree." While we are not told exactly what use was made of it, it is reasonable to suppose that the women lashed one another with it and thus transferred by magic the fertility of the fig to themselves, driving out at the same time any influences detrimental to reproduction. We have record of similar lashings with wild fig switches at the Thargelia in Athens in the curious rite of riddance by two scapegoats called pharmakoi.
7:
And lastly – and briefly – Stephen Goranson writes:
Pliny wrote that Nicolaus dates, though big, were not as juicy as those preferred for a honey-like drink.
Presumably, the honey-like drink had some ritual significance.
8:
In his code of Halakhah, Mishneh Torah [Avodah Zarah 9:6] Rambam generalises what our present mishnah particularises:
Anything that is specific in a certain place to any kind of pagan ritual may not ever be sold to the adherents of that religion in that place. Anything that is not religiously significant can be sold.
9:
The suggestion of Rabbi Yehudah in our mishnah is accepted: a cultic object may be sold to a non-Jew if the Jew has rendered it unfit for cultic use. Furthermore, the additions offered by Rabbi Me'ir are also accepted as halakhah.

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